North Caucasus to Boston: Rise and fall of the Tsarnaev brothers
Boston bombing suspects Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev emerged from
turbulence in the former Soviet Union into a hope-filled future in the U.S.
Then something changed.
By Kim Murphy, Joseph Tanfani and Sergei L. Loiko, Los Angeles Times
7:00 AM PDT, April 28, 2013
Anzor Tsarnaev was tough, a championship boxer back home, and he wanted his
oldest boy to be tough too.
Rain or shine, like a scene from "Rocky," the wiry Chechen immigrant would
ride his bicycle as his son Tamerlan jogged to a Boston-area boxing gym,
pushing him to run faster, to punch harder.
"He was his trainer, basically," said Joe Timko, Anzor's supervisor at
Webster Auto Body, a corner repair shop in Somerville. "And he was an old
Russian soldier. He'd make him run for miles."
Photos: Following the Tsarnaev brothers
Armed with a good left jab and powerful right, "Tam," as friends called him,
climbed the ranks in regional tournaments and dreamed of joining the U.S.
Olympic boxing team. At home, a crowded third-floor walk-up, he showed off
by doing chin-ups outside. At night, he played the piano and accordion.
But by 2009, Tamerlan's life abruptly changed course. He told his parents
that "the Koran prohibits beating people in the face." He grew a beard,
began to pray more than five times a day, dropped out of college and gave up
stylish leather pants for sweat pants. He argued with friends over politics,
picked a fight at a pizza parlor, shouted at speakers at a mosque.
"He gave up drinking and smoking, and he even gave up boxing he loved so
much," said his mother, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva. Anzor Tsarnaev said he was
brainwashed by religion.
Photos: Following the Tsarnaev brothers
His uncle, Ruslan Tsarni, asked why he didn't get a job.
"I'm doing bigger things," Tamerlan told him that August. "Now I'm with God.
Now I'm happy."
Tamerlan, 26, died nine days ago after he and his 19-year-old brother,
Dzhokhar, were in a shootout with police. Dzhokhar is in custody at a
medical facility for prisoners on federal charges that he planted one of the
two nail-filled bombs that exploded near the finish line of the Boston
Marathon on April 15.
Investigators are convinced both brothers carried out the plot, which killed
three people and wounded more than 260. Yet it did not appear meticulously
planned. Authorities say they planted homemade bombs in full view of
surveillance cameras, and when their pictures emerged three days later, they
tried to flee with no cash, no disguises and one firearm. Officials say that
they killed an MIT police officer for his pistol but couldn't figure out how
to unlock the holster.
Now investigators are struggling to understand: How did a cocky young
athlete and his skateboard-riding brother, if authorities are correct,
become do-it-yourself Islamist terrorists?
Refugee history
Chechen refugees like the Tsarnaevs have a grim history in the North
Caucasus. Under Soviet dictator Josef Stalin, residents were forced out at
gunpoint, mostly to the wastelands of what are now Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
in Central Asia. The Tsarnaevs raised their family largely in Kyrgyzstan,
but moved to Chechnya in 1992 to return to their roots.
When Chechens fought for independence in the 1990s after the collapse of the
Soviet Union, Moscow crushed the rebellion. The Chechen capital, Grozny, was
bombed to rubble. Families watched as Russian troops set their homes afire.
Villages would wake to find the head of a perceived collaborator on a stick,
the grisly work of shadowy forces.
"Sleep, sleep, don't stay near the bed," a famous Chechen lullaby goes. "The
grand wicked will come. The grand wicked will swallow you."
The war pushed the Tsarnaevs back to Kyrgyzstan, and then to Dagestan in
1999, but the insurgency followed them. While in Dagestan, Anzor and
14-year-old Tamerlan ran into trouble with local police, who "beat the hell
out of them," Tsarni, the boys' uncle, said. The cause wasn't clear, and
probably didn't matter. Abuses by security forces were routine.
Applying as political refugees, Anzor and Zubeidat won U.S. asylum and
landed in Boston in April 2002 with Dzhokhar, then 8. Tamerlan and his two
sisters, Bella and Ailina, followed in July 2003.
The family rented a small apartment atop a weathered house in the back of a
courtyard on Norfolk Street, a blue-collar part of Cambridge, and hung
towels and sheets for curtains. In the tightly packed enclave, one neighbor
recalled regular screaming from the Tsarnaev flat but wrote it off as family
squabbles.
Anzor, who had held a prestigious job as investigator for the prosecutor's
office in Kyrgyzstan, scrambled to start life anew in America. He found work
at garages, or repaired cars outside the house for $10 an hour. Zubeidat,
who wore stylish dresses and high heels, went to cosmetology school and got
a job giving facials to women at a salon.
Both boys attended Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, a public high school a
few blocks from Harvard's campus. Tamerlan played on the volleyball team.
The school's wrestling team elected Dzhokhar - known to his friends as
"Jahar" - as their captain.
He was small but he "led by example," recalled one teammate, Rockeem
Robinson. Another, Sanjaya Lanichhane, said Dzhokhar volunteered to help the
disabled through the Best Buddies program. They talked calculus and physics
over lunch, and he was "friendly, funny, smart, above-average intelligence,"
Lanichhane said.
After graduation in 2006, Tamerlan enrolled part-time at Bunker Hill
Community College and took accounting. On weekends, he helped his father fix
car transmissions and kept up his boxing. He made money delivering pizzas.
Tamerlan composed music and sometimes surprised his boxing friends by
sitting down at a piano and playing an intricate melody.
"It was not rock or classical, it was this quiet, nice, modern music I loved
so much," said his mother.
Neighbors found him charming. "He was just super outgoing, wanting to make
friends," said one, who spoke on condition of anonymity. "We talked about
skiing, and he said, like, 'I don't have any skiing buddies. Next time you
go, we should go together.'"
Tamerlan moved to trainers at gyms across Massachusetts as he rose in the
regional heavyweight class, winning a local Golden Gloves novice cup.
He went on to represent Team New England in the national Golden Gloves
championship tournament in 2009, but he was disqualified in 2010 because of
complaints that non-U.S. citizens should not be allowed to compete. It also
killed his Olympic dream.
"In that weight division, he's probably one of the best out of New England,"
recalled Kendrick Ball, owner of the Camp Get Right Boxing Gym, tucked in
the back of an industrial building in Worcester, where Tamerlan sometimes
sparred.
In a video from a fight in Lowell, the pounding theme music from "Rocky"
roused the crowd as Tamerlan was introduced, wearing yellow head gear, long
white trunks and a blue sleeveless shirt. He circled the ring, testing. He
threw a left jab. Then another. A third. Suddenly he landed a powerful right
punch to his opponent's head. Tamerlan won the round.
But some fighters mocked him for his fancy clothes and for being so high on
himself. Johnathan Pabon, a sparring partner, said Tamerlan's shoes looked
like alligator, and he wore a scarf of chinchilla.
"Nobody liked him," Pabon said. "They thought he was too cocky and
self-centered. But what boxer isn't?"
Even outside the ring, his violent side - and family turmoil - was never far
from the surface.
In 2007, Tamerlan confronted a Brazilian youth who had dated his younger
sister, Bella, for about two years, and punched him in the face. Ana Merino,
a high school friend of Bella's, said Tamerlan did not approve because the
boy was not a Muslim.
Tamerlan was "very overprotective" of his sisters," Merino recalled. "He
wanted them to date within their religion."
His other sister, Ailina, had married and moved to Bellingham, Wash. In May
2008, she complained to her mother, Zubeidat, over the phone that her
husband, Elmirza Khozhugov, was cheating on her and beating her. Court
records show he tried to strangle her and grabbed her hair; he pleaded
guilty to assault.
Tamerlan immediately flew across the country to "straighten up the brains"
of his brother-in-law, his mother said. Tamerlan "roughed up" Khozhugov, she
said. Three weeks later, Ailina flew back to Boston.
On Aug. 12, 2009, Tamerlan was arrested after his then-girlfriend, Nadine
Ascencao, called 911 "crying hysterically" and said he had beaten her.
"Yes, I slapped her," Tamerlan told officers who handcuffed him, according
to Cambridge police reports. The case ultimately was dismissed.
'I don't have friends'
By then, Tamerlan had started to explore religion and philosophy. He read
Gandhi and Confucius, explored the history of Chechnya, and delved deeply
into the Koran and the hadith, the sayings of the prophet Muhammad. He also
began to look at Islamist websites.
"He was not a loner, but he spent so much time alone in front of his
computer," Zubeidat said. "He said to me once: 'Mom, I don't have friends
and I don't have enemies in America. I just don't have time for them.'"
An Armenian who went by the name Misha began visiting the apartment to tutor
Tamerlan and his mother about Islam. The FBI is still searching for him.
"Misha had a talent to speak about things, especially Islam, in a manner
that made you sit still and listen to him with an open mouth," Zubeidat
recalled. "I can't say that Misha imposed religion on Tamerlan. No, he was
very tactful and very casual about it. In the end it appeared that Tamerlan
made this choice in favor of religion himself."
Tamerlan's father was furious when he found Misha, a convert to Islam, in
his kitchen night after night. He called a friend and complained that "this
jerk, this new convert, took [Tamerlan's] brain away."
Zubeidat told her husband that she and Tamerlan were becoming more pious.
She gave up her high heels and started wearing a hijab, covering her hair.
She was fired from the Essencia Day Spa in Belmont after she said her
religion barred her from dealing directly with men coming into the salon.
She could "no longer perform her duties," said Larissa Dubosarsky, who
co-owned the now-closed spa. "We had to let her go."
From then on, Zubeidat brought female clients to the family's Norfolk Street
apartment for facials.
In 2010, Julian Pollard, a boxer from Brockton, ran into Tamerlan and was
surprised at the change.
"He was a humbled guy," Pollard recalled. "He wasn't dressing flashy
anymore. His conversation, tone, everything was different."
Tamerlan wanted to talk about his faith, not boxing. "I'm blessed," he told
Pollard.
That June, Tamerlan married Katherine Russell, who was studying
communications at Suffolk University in Boston. She moved into the crowded
family apartment with her new in-laws.
Tamerlan persuaded her to convert from Christianity to Islam, and neighbors
soon saw her wearing a dark head scarf as she pushed their infant daughter,
Zahara, in a stroller.
The family was receiving two kinds of welfare until 2012, when Katherine
started earning too much money working overtime as a home health aide.
Tamerlan cared for their daughter, often bouncing her on his knee as he
chatted with friends at local coffee shops.
Meanwhile, Anzor and Zubeidat were not getting along.
"We irritated each other more and more," Zubeidat said. They filed for
divorce in February 2011, and Anzor returned to Dagestan.
Happy-go-lucky kid
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev enrolled that year at the University of Massachusetts
Dartmouth, about 60 miles south of Cambridge, to study engineering. If
Tamerlan was increasingly dour and devout, his younger brother seemed a
happy-go-lucky kid with tousled hair and an easy smile as he weaved down
sidewalks on his skateboard.
He tacked a poster of Albert Einstein on the wall of his dorm room and
another of a dozen bikini-clad women on a beach. He played soccer, recited
Eminem lyrics, and rejected an invitation to join the Muslim Student Assn.
Friends say he regularly smoked, and sold, small amounts of marijuana, and
that his room reeked of pot.
Dzhokhar's grades reportedly plunged in his sophomore year. He began
spending nights with two Kazakh friends in nearby New Bedford. One of them
drove a BMW with a provocative vanity license plate: TERRORISTA #1. Both
have now been detained on suspicion of immigration law violations.
On social media, Dzhokhar's postings - usually laced with whimsy about
Nutella and cats - took on a darker tone. "A decade in America already, I
want out," he tweeted in March 2012.
Tamerlan had left Boston in January to visit his father in Makhachkala, the
capital of Dagestan. He helped Anzor remodel the ground floor of his house
into a perfume shop, and he regularly visited a conservative Wahhabi mosque
about two miles away.
Bilsan Udugov, who met him at the mosque, said Tamerlan was ashamed that he
could hardly speak Chechen. America was a great country, Tamerlan said, but
people "smile at you all the time and forget about you the next moment."
Russian authorities had warned the FBI and CIA in 2011 that Tamerlan might
have ties to radical Islamist groups, but the U.S. agencies said they found
no evidence. Since the bombings, U.S. authorities have not seen proof that
he met militants or attended terrorist training camps in Dagestan. It's
unclear whether Russian authorities monitored his movements or
communications while he was there.
"The fact that Tsarnaev . was not called in for questioning doesn't
necessarily mean his presence here was ignored and his movements and actions
were unknown," said a source in the Russian Interior Ministry in Dagestan.
Zubeidat reconciled with her husband and joined him in August 2012 in
Makhachkala, where she was interviewed by phone for this story. Before
leaving Boston, she was charged with shoplifting more than $1,600 worth of
dresses at a Lord & Taylor store in Natick, according to police records. The
warrant is outstanding.
Tsarni calls her a dark influence on his nephew Tamerlan: "She kind of paved
the way for his radicalization," he said at his home in Montgomery Village,
Md.
What's clear is that when Tamerlan came back to Boston in July 2012, his
views had grown more extreme.
He posted a YouTube video of desert warriors thundering on horseback from
the ancient land of Khorasan in Central Asia, from which the Muslim conquest
of the world will begin, according to some militant texts.
Tamerlan expressed anger about the U.S.-led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. He
shouted and almost came to blows with a customer at Angelo's, a neighborhood
pizza shop, recalled the proprietor, Lou Flores.
"He was saying, 'It's not right what this country does in another country,'"
Flores said. When the other man stood up and challenged him, Flores ordered
them to take the argument outside.
Angry at everyone
Tamerlan seemed angry at almost everyone. In November, at the Islamic
Society of Boston mosque in Cambridge, he shouted at the prayer leader for
endorsing Thanksgiving and Fourth of July celebrations, complaining that
they were not Muslim holy days.
Two months later, in January, Tamerlan erupted again at the mosque when a
speaker praised the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Tamerlan called the prayer
leader a nonbeliever and a hypocrite who was "contaminating people's minds."
Others in the mosque shouted him down, and religious leaders told him not to
return unless he stopped his outbursts. He complied.
By then, it now appears, the two brothers were at least formulating the
outlines of a plot, authorities say.
"Little do these dogs know they're barking at a lion," Dzhokhar wrote on
Twitter on Feb. 2.
On Feb. 6, 10 weeks before the Boston Marathon, Tamerlan walked into a
Phantom Fireworks store in Seabrook, N.H. He had at least $400 and was not
interested in firecrackers.
"What is the most powerful item you have?" he asked.
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